Reports | Screening Bias

Screening Bias
Screening Bias allows the analyst to identify any large within-site changes in values between two visits to identify regression to the mean in assessing study entry criteria. Analysis are performed using paired t -tests.
An example for subjective criteria is when investigators score a patient at a screening visit and based on this score the patient meets eligibility to get in the study. However, when the patient comes back at the randomization visit, the "more objective" investigator scores the patient noticeably differently. Or, it can pick up noticeable differences between the start and end of a placebo run-in when things are not expected to change.
FDR p -values are calculated and the reference line is determined as described in How does JMP Clinical calculate the False Discovery Rate (FDR)? .
Note : JMP Clinical uses a special protocol for data including non-unique Findings test names. Refer to How does JMP Clinical handle non-unique Findings test names? for more information.
Note : xxTPT should not have any visit-specific information in it, or it is liable to prevent a match using BY variables.
Report Results Description
The Report contains the following elements:
Screening Bias Volcano Plot
Shows a volcano plot used to find records where findings change significantly between one visit and the next.
This section contains the following elements.
One Data Filter .
Enables you to subset subjects based on country of origin, study site and/or Test. Refer to Data Filter for more information.
One Volcano Plot . Shows a volcano plot used to find records where findings change significantly between one visit and the next. Screening bias compares all numerical variables. These ranges can be quite different from one another, so to summarize all of the variables in one plot, they are centered around 0 and scaled on the X axis using the standardized mean difference, which is:
This is the paired t -statistic which has n -1 degrees of freedom. When n is fixed, as it should be for all measurements coming from a site (unless there are missing data), all tests should have n measurements.
Screening Bias generates a number of paired t -test statistics, one for each Findings test for a specific site. These become significant as we depart from 0. Sets of values seem to have smooth curves here because the deviation from zero slows down as the difference gets larger and larger.
Each point represents a single Findings test for a specific site. You can mouse over points of interest to see their labels or select points by dragging a mouse rectangle over them (as shown above). Selected rows are highlighted in other plots and you can also then click on various Down Buttons for further analyses on those specific sites.
In this example, the unusual value at the upper left of the plot is selected.
If you click , a subset table containing the selected row with summary statistics is generated and displayed (below).
A very large Visit 1 - Visit 2 difference (increase) has been identified for lactate dehydrogenase for site 32. Visit 1 mean = 338.5 Visit 2 mean = 441 with Mean of V1 minus V2 Differences = -102.5. So there is an increase of 102.5 units which divided by the standard error gives a standardized difference of -205. This is a large change considering the observed variability and suggests further investigation.
Action Buttons
Action buttons, provide you with an easy way to drill down into your data. The following action buttons are generated by this report:
Show Summary Statistics : Shows the rows of the data table for the selected points from the volcano plot . Clicking opens the following table:
General
Click to generate a standardized pdf - or rtf -formatted report containing the plots and charts of selected sections.
Click the Options arrow to reopen the completed report dialog used to generate this output.
Click the gray border to the left of the Options tab to open a dynamic report navigator that lists all of the reports in the review. Refer to Report Navigator for more information.
Report Options
Report Option Descriptions
Specific documentation for each of the options can be viewed by clicking on the following links:
General Options
Analyze all tests from all findings domains , Findings Tests , Analyze: , Consider BY variables in the analysis
Summarize sites with at least this many subjects:
Visit Number 1 , Visit Number 2
Alpha
Subject Filter 1
Additional Filters
Additional Filter to Include Subjects 2 , Select the population to include in the analysis

1
Subject-specific filters must be created using the Create Subject Filter report prior to your analysis.

2
For more information about how to specify a filter using this option, see The SAS WHERE Expression .